{"id":40,"date":"2014-04-29T09:09:03","date_gmt":"2014-04-29T07:09:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chitosanlab.com\/en\/?page_id=40"},"modified":"2018-03-30T09:18:31","modified_gmt":"2018-03-30T07:18:31","slug":"chitooligosaccharides","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/chitosanlab.com\/en\/chitooligosaccharides\/","title":{"rendered":"chitooligosaccharides"},"content":{"rendered":"
C<\/div>\n

hitooligosaccharides (COSs) are hydrolyzed products of chitosan produced using enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations of both. Unlike Chitosan they are readily soluble in water due\u00a0to their shorter chain lengths and free amino groups in D-glucosamine units. The low viscosity and greater solubility of COSs at neutral pH have attracted the interest\u00a0of many researchers to utilize chitosan in its oligosaccharides form.\u00a0\u00a0As in the case of amino acids, which are building blocks of proteins, less than 100\u00a0units of glucosamine need to get connected\u00a0to form COSs. Generally\u00a0we talk about Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) when\u00a0\u00a0n (number of mer units) >20,\u00a0COSs when 2 < n<10 and\u00a0Monomers, when n=1.<\/p>\n

Chitosan Depolymerization<\/h4>\n

Chitosan can be converted to COSs either by acid hydrolysis or by enzymatic hydrolysis with glycosyl hydrolases like chitinases or chitosanases. Actually, the most common way to produce chitooligomers is through\u00a0chemical treatment of chitosan using strong acids\u00a0such as\u00a0HNO2 and HCl. Depolymerization of chitosan by the use of HNO2 is a homogeneous\u00a0reaction where the number of glycosidic bonds broken is stoichiometric to the amount of HNO2 used. Other method\u00a0: Low-molecular-weight chitosans\u00a0can be\u00a0prepared\u00a0using 85% phosphoric acid which\u00a0result in decrease of viscosity by a factor of 3. As for enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan, it involves enzymes that hydrolyze the glycoside bonds between the sugars and are thus glycoside hydrolases. COSs\u00a0produced enzymatically or chemically consist of a mixture of oligomers differing in degree of polymerization\u00a0and\u00a0pattern of N-acetylation. Different\u00a0techniques for separation and purification of COSs\u00a0have been used :\u00a0gelfiltration, ultrafiltration, ion exchange and chromatography. Often, those\u00a0techniques need to be combine \u00a0to obtain homogeneous COSs fractions.<\/p>\n

Chitosan modification<\/h4>\n

The presence of hydroxyl and amino groups makes chitosan a suitable candidate for chemical modification. Possible\u00a0modifications\u00a0encompass\u00a0alkylation, acylation, quaternization, hydroxyalkylation, carboxyalkylation, thiolation, sulfation, phosphorylation, enzymatic modifications, oligomerization…. Applications of COSs are almost endless in\u00a0arena of sciences such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, biotechnological, tissue engineering, textile industry, chemistry, food industry and many more.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

hitooligosaccharides (COSs) are hydrolyzed products of chitosan produced using enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations of both. Unlike Chitosan they are readily soluble in water due\u00a0to their shorter chain lengths and free amino groups in D-glucosamine units. The low viscosity and greater solubility of COSs at neutral pH have attracted the interest\u00a0of many researchers to utilize chitosan in its oligosaccharides form.\u00a0\u00a0As in the case of amino acids, which are building blocks of proteins, less than 100\u00a0units of glucosamine need to get connected\u00a0to form COSs. Generally\u00a0we talk about Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) when\u00a0\u00a0n (number of mer units) >20,\u00a0COSs when 2 < n<10 and\u00a0Monomers, when n=1. Chitosan Depolymerization Chitosan can be converted to COSs either by acid hydrolysis or by enzymatic hydrolysis with glycosyl hydrolases like chitinases or chitosanases. Actually, the most common way to produce chitooligomers is through\u00a0chemical treatment of chitosan using strong acids\u00a0such as\u00a0HNO2 and HCl. Depolymerization of chitosan by the use of HNO2 is a homogeneous\u00a0reaction where the number of glycosidic bonds broken is stoichiometric to the amount of HNO2 used. Other method\u00a0: Low-molecular-weight chitosans\u00a0can be\u00a0prepared\u00a0using 85% phosphoric acid which\u00a0result in decrease of viscosity by a factor of 3. As for enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan, it involves enzymes that hydrolyze the glycoside bonds between the sugars and are thus glycoside hydrolases. COSs\u00a0produced enzymatically or chemically consist of a mixture of oligomers differing in degree of polymerization\u00a0and\u00a0pattern of N-acetylation. Different\u00a0techniques for separation and purification of COSs\u00a0have been used :\u00a0gelfiltration, ultrafiltration, ion exchange and chromatography. Often, those\u00a0techniques need to be combine \u00a0to obtain homogeneous COSs fractions. Chitosan modification The presence of hydroxyl and amino groups makes chitosan a suitable candidate for chemical modification. Possible\u00a0modifications\u00a0encompass\u00a0alkylation, acylation, quaternization, hydroxyalkylation, carboxyalkylation, thiolation, sulfation, phosphorylation, enzymatic modifications, oligomerization…. Applications of COSs are almost endless in\u00a0arena of sciences such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, biotechnological, tissue engineering, textile industry, chemistry, food industry and many more.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-40","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nchitosan agriculture use<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chitooligosaccharides and chitooligomers european specialist\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chitosanlab.com\/en\/chitooligosaccharides\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"chitosan agriculture use\" \/>\n<meta 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